The Federal Trade Commission offers consumers advice on holiday shopping in "Holiday Shopping, Circa 2008: Tips from the Federal Trade Commission," available online at http:/www.ftc.gov.

-- The agency urges consumers to create a shopping list based on a realistic budget and stick to it. Keep track of your purchase costs and avoid impulse purchases.

-- Shop around for the best deal, and read sale ads carefully.

-- Ads may offer sales of limited quantities or indicate that items are not available at all store locations. Contact the store regarding the availability of advertised items before going to the business' location.

-- When considering a sale's value, include any added cost of travel to the store and parking. Ask if a store matches or beats competitor's advertised prices, or accepts competitors' coupons.

-- Inquire if a store offers sale adjustments if an item you are interested in today goes on sale in the near future.

-- If you decide to shop online, consider shipping costs and time of delivery.

-- Put your purchase receipts in one place. You'll need them if you have to return or exchange items. Remember to ask for gift receipts.

-- Since refund and return policies can differ among stores, ask about the policies before you purchase. Remember that some stores don't allow refunds or exchanges on clearance merchandise.

-- If you are sending gifts to people outside of your area, ship early. Last minute shipping can result in "a hefty price for express or overnight shipping."

Opinions expressed solely are those of the writer. Joseph Pellicciotti is a lawyer, professor and vice chancellor at Indiana University Northwest.